By: Christine Forsetlund Solbakken and Dorte Herzke // NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Geir Wing Gabrielsen and Ingeborg G Hallanger // Norwegian Polar Institute

Microplastics are plastic fragments smaller than 5 millimetres. There are many sources of microplastics: car tyres, clothes, fishing gear, cosmetics, toys, boats, tools, and a lot of other things we use in our everyday life.

A lot of microplastics also come from plastic waste that has been lost  in nature and broken down into tiny pieces. Other types of microplastics are produced industrially, for example to be used in make-up, which we apply, then wash off and flush down the drain.

Developed their own air samplers

Since the microplastic pieces are so small and light, they can be transported through the atmosphere by water and wind far, far away. Thus, they also end up in areas where few people are living.

In the summer of 2021, senior scientist Dorte Herzke from NILU participated in the Norwegian Polar Institute’s Plastic Cruise expedition in the sea areas off Svalbard. Along the way, the scientists took 1200 microplastic samples from air, ice, water, fish, plankton, and the seabed.

ADVERTISEMENT

The Plastic Cruise was the first time Dorte used NILU’s in-house-developed sampler for microplastics in air. It was NILU scientist Svein Knudsen – now retired – who helped Dorte develop the microplastic sampler. The first prototypes were actually made at a local workshop at Kjeller, close to NILU’s head office.

The microplastic sampler is based on a similar sampler NILU previously developed for taking samples of other substances in the air. The principle is the same, but in the new microplastic version, all the plastic sampler components have been replaced with metal.

“We can’t take microplastic samples with plastic equipment. If we did, we’d contaminate our samples. Therefore, our first air sampler for microplastics was made from stainless steel. Later we switched to aluminium.”

Dorte Herzke

Svalbard influenced by microplastics

In autumn 2021, NILU mounted two different microplastic samplers at the Zeppelin observatory. The observatory is located 474 metres above sea level, near the top of Zeppelin Mountain on Svalbard. The nearest settlement is the “research village” Ny-Ålesund. In winter, only around 30 people live there; during summer, up to 200.

Even there, the filters in the samplers picked up tiny plastic pieces, down to a hundredth of a millimetre.

“Unfortunately, I was not surprised,” says Dorte. “We think of Svalbard as untouched and desolate, but microplastics find their way to this remote area too.”

The six microplastic air samples NILU took during autumn 2021 were part of the Norwegian Environment Agency’s monitoring project for microplastics, MIKRONOR. In 2022, NILU financed its own tests. According to Dorte, the goal is to determine if the results from 2021 can be repeated, and also whether the results look different during the summer period.

“We now have samples from both the winter and summer seasons at the Zeppelin observatory,” she says. “In addition, we are taking corresponding microplastic samples at the Birkenes observatory in the south of Norway.”

Smart solutions are needed!

Two kinds of microplastic samplers have been developed by NILU. One is a “passive” sampler, in practice a large metal bucket that collects everything that falls from the sky.

The other air sampler for microplastics – the one Dorte used on the Plastic Cruise – is an “active” sampler. It uses a pump to draw air through filters, capturing all particles larger than a thousandth of a millimetre.

Every 14 days, the filters in the active samplers at Zeppelin and Birkenes observatories are replaced. Dorte is particularly pleased that they were able to design the filter holder so that it closes immediately when it is removed. In this way, they avoid contaminating the filter inside with plastic from sources other than the air. In addition, the entire filter holder can be packed and sent to NILU’s laboratory in Tromsø, where Dorte and her colleagues are ready to do the analysis.

600°C reveals the microplastic

The microplastics on the filters are too small to be seen with the naked eye. So how does Dorte know that there is microplastic on the filter?

“We don’t know, and we can’t even use a microscope to look for it,” she explains. “Instead, we use an instrument called a mass spectrometer (GC/MS) and connect it to a pyrolysis unit.”

Although “pyrolysis” makes it sound like they are burning the samples, that is not what is happening. The filter samples must be exposed to 600-degree heat to reveal the microplastic. But without oxygen present, combustion does not occur. Instead, a process called pyrolysis takes place, where the polymer structure, i.e. the repetitive bond between each molecule in the plastic, is destroyed. Since different types of plastic break down into different polymer structures, scientists can measure and classify the different structures into different types of plastic and determine how much there is of each kind.

Tracking microplastics through the air

When Dorte Herzke began to take an interest in plastic pollution, and later microplastics, most measurements were done on samples from animals and fish. Eventually, she became more interested in what happens to the microplastics in the environment, and which transport routes they take to the Arctic. With funding from the Fram Centre, NILU, and the Norwegian Environment Agency, she was able to start looking for answers.

“We can’t take microplastic samples with plastic equipment,” says Dorte. “If we did, we’d contaminate our samples. Therefore, our first air sampler for microplastics was made from stainless steel. Later we switched to aluminium.”

Dorte Herzke

Filters from microplastic sampling at the observatories in Svalbard and at Agder are still coming in. Analysis and further studies of these will fill a lot of Dorte’s time in the future, but she can already say that this time, too, plastics are in the air.

This article was originally published in the Fram Forum